编者语：
举世瞩目的北京冬奥会刚刚落下帷幕，寄托着中国人文情怀、展示着更快、更高、更强、团结的冬奥精神的开闭幕式得到了广泛好评，也得到了大量的转播。我国多年来知识产权法律法规的宣传效果显著，民众知识产权意识得到很大提升，如对冬奥吉祥物“冰墩墩”进行3D打印的年轻创作者为了避免著作权侵权风险，在创作前特意致电冬奥会奥组委相关部门询问授权许可。本文将以冬奥会开幕式的节目视频为对象，为您介绍域外国家的著作权法律规定。
The Beijing Winter Olympics, which has attracted worldwide attention, has just come to an end. The opening and closing ceremony of the Winter Olympics, which conveys the Chinese people's literary feelings and shows the spirit of faster, higher, stronger and unity, has been widely praised and widely broadcast. Over the years, China's intellectual property laws and regulations have had a significant publicity effect, and the public's awareness of intellectual property rights has been greatly improved. For example, in order to avoid the risk of copyright infringement, the young creators of the Winter Olympics mascot "Ice Dun", specially called the relevant departments of the Winter Olympics Organising Committee to ask for authorisation before creation. This article will take the program video of the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics as the object and will introduce the copyright laws and regulations of extraterritorial countries to you.
【中国】
我国《著作权法》规定，“本法所称的作品，是指文学、艺术和科学领域内具有独创性并能以一定形式表现的智力成果。”因此，作品具有两个特征，一是具有独创性，二是能以一定形式表现。冬奥会开幕式的节目视频凝聚了导演和主创团队的创作智慧，具有较高程度的智力投入，其不是单纯的智力机械性的或智力技艺性的劳动，而是反映了参与创作者独特的安排和个性化的选择，体现了创作者较高程度的创造性，故而符合作品对于独创性的要求；同时，奥运会开幕式完全可以固定在一定载体上进行再现、传播，因此冬奥会开幕式节目视频应当被作为《著作权法》意义上的作品予以保护。开幕式汇集了音乐、舞蹈、杂技等法定作品，也包含了升旗、入场仪式、宣誓、烟花表演等非作品内容，开幕式主创者将这些作品与非作品进行统一编排、串联以呈现震撼的视觉效果和美感，这种汇编若干作品、作品的片段或者不构成作品的其他材料，对其内容的选择或者编排体现独创性和创作者智力劳动成果的作品，属于汇编作品。我国《著作权法》规定，“汇编作品的著作权由汇编人享有”，但根据《奥林匹克宪章》的有关规定，“奥运会是国际奥委会的专有财产。国际奥委会拥有与之有关的全部权利和数据，特别是，而且不加限制地拥有涉及该运动会的组织、开发、转播、录制、展示、再创作、获取和散发的全部权利”。因此，冬奥会开幕式的著作权实际归属国际奥委会。
[China]
China's Copyright Law stipulates that "the work referred to in this law refers to the intellectual achievements that are original and can be expressed in a certain form in the fields of literature, art and science." Therefore, the work has two characteristics, one is originality, and the other is that it can be expressed in a certain form. The program video of the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics condenses the creative wisdom of the director and the main creative team, with a high degree of intellectual investment. It is not a simple intellectual mechanical or intellectual technical labour, but reflects the unique arrangement and personalised choice of the participants, and reflects the high degree of creativity of the creator, so It meets the requirements of the work for originality; at the same time, the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games can be completely fixed on a certain carrier for reproduction and dissemination, so the video of the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics should be protected as a work in the sense of the Copyright Law. The opening ceremony brought together music, dance, acrobatics and other statutory works, as well as non-works such as flag-raising, entrance ceremony, oath, fireworks performance, etc. The main creator of the opening ceremony arranged and connected these works with non-works to present shocking visual effects and aesthetics. This compilation of several works, fragments of works or Other materials that do not constitute the work, the selection of its content or the arrangement of works that reflect the originality and the intellectual labour of the creator belong to the compilation works. China's Copyright Law stipulates that "the copyright of compilation works shall be enjoyed by the compiler", but according to the relevant provisions of the Olympic Charter, "the Olympic Games is the exclusive property of the International Olympic Committee. The International Olympic Committee has all the rights and data related to it, especially, and without limitation, all rights related to the organisation, development, broadcasting, recording, display, re-creation, acquisition and dissemination of the Games. Therefore, the copyright of the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics actually belongs to the International Olympic Committee.
【德国】
德国著作权法律的全称为《关于著作权与有关的保护权的法律》。1965年9月9日制定（联邦法律公报（BGBl）.I.S.1273）,2009年10月27日最后修订。关于汇编作品，规定在第4条“汇编著作和数据库著作”第一款：多部著作、数据或者其他独立成分的汇编物，基于对其成分的选择或者排列，构成个人智力创作的，是汇编著作。在不损害被汇编的著作的情况下，当作独创著作予以保护。
关于汇编著作，第34条“利用权的转让”第二款规定，汇编著作的利用权连同该著作采用的各个著作的利用权一起转让的，只需取得汇编著作的著作人许可。
[Germany]
The full name of German copyright law is the Law on Copyright and Related Protection Rights. Enacted on September 9, 1965 (Federal Legal Bulletin (BGBl). I.S.1273), last revised on October 27, 2009. Regarding compilation works, it is stipulated in the first paragraph of Article 4 "Compilation Works and Database Works": Multiple works, data or other independent components of compilations, based on the selection or arrangement of their components, constitute personal intellectual creation, are compilation works. Protect it as an original work without damaging the compiled work.
【英国】
1710年《安娜法案》（Statute of Anne）作为英国第一部版权成文法，首次认可作者权利，并为此后各国版权立法提供了基础及立法例。在英国版权法历史上，曾先后制定了1842年、1911年及1956年版权法案。现行英国版权法律制度主要组成部分为1988年的《版权、设计及专利法案》（the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988）。现行《版权、设计及专利法案》第一、二两编（Part I与 Part II）为版权及相关权利编，其中第一编为版权编，第二编为表演权编，两编共计212条。
汇编作品的定义见于该法案第一编“版权”第3条“文字、戏剧和音乐作品”中。该条规定，（1）在本编中，文字作品是指除戏剧或音乐作品以外，任何以书面、口述或者演唱形式表现的作品，其相应地包括（a）表格或汇编（数据库除外）等作品形式。
[UK]
In 1710, the Statue of Anne, as the first copyright statutory law in the United Kingdom, recognised the author's rights for the first time and provided the basis and legislation for subsequent copyright legislation in various countries. In the history of British copyright law, the Copyright Act of 1842, 1911 and 1956 were enacted successively. The main component of the current British copyright legal system is the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The first and second parts (Part I and Part II) of the current Copyright, Design and Patent Act are copyright and related rights, of which the first is copyright and the second is performance rights, with a total of 212 articles.
The definition of compilation works can be found in the first part of the bill, "Copyright", Article 3, "Text, Drama and Music Works". This article stipulates that (1) In this edition, written works refer to any works expressed in written, oral or singing form, except for theatrical or musical works, correspondingly including (a) tables or compilations (except databases) and other works.
【法国】
法国的文学和艺术产权法最早起源于大革命之后的《1791年表演权法》和《1793年复制权法》。1992年制定的《知识产权法典》中，第一部分为《文学和艺术产权》，第二部分、第三部分则分别为《工业产权》和《在海外领地及马约尔属地的适用》。《文学和艺术产权》部分具体又分为三卷：第一卷为著作权，第二卷为著作权之邻接权，第三卷为关于著作权、邻接权及数据库制作者权的通则。
第一部分《文学和艺术产权》第一卷“著作权”中，L.112-3条规定，翻译、改编、改动或整理智力作品的作者，在不损害原作品著作权的情况下享有本法典的保护。各种作品或数据的选集或汇编，如数据库的作者，因对材料的选取或编排构成智力创作的，享有同样之保护。对于汇编成果，该卷定义为“混编作品”，L.113-2条规定，混编作品是指含有已有作品但没有该作品作者合作的新作品。L.113-4条规定，在不影响已有作品著作权的情况下，混编作品为完成该作品作者的财产。
[France]
The French literary and artistic property law originated from the Performance Rights Act of 1791 and the Reproduction Rights Act of 1793 after the Revolution. In the Intellectual Property Code enacted in 1992, the first part is Literary and Artistic Property Rights, and the second and third parts are Industrial Property Rights and Application in Overseas Territorial and Mayoer Dependencies respectively. The part of Literary and Artistic Property Rights is specifically divided into three volumes: the first volume is copyright, the second volume is the neighbouring right of copyright, and the third volume is the general rule on copyright, adjacent right and database producer right.
In the first part of the "Copyright" of the first volume of "Litual and Artistic Property Rights", L.112-3 stipulates that the author of translating, adapting, modifying or organising intellectual works shall enjoy the protection of this Code without prejudice to the copyright of the original work. The selection or compilation of various works or data, such as the author of the database, enjoys the same protection because the selection or arrangement of materials constitutes intellectual creation. For compilation results, this volume is defined as "mixed works". L.113-2 stipulates that mixed works refer to new works that contain existing works but do not cooperate with the author of the work. L.113-4 stipulates that the mixed work shall be the property of the author of the completed work without affecting the copyright of the existing work.
【美国】
1998年制定的《美国数字千禧版权法》旨在使《美国版权法》现代化，其可能是目前世界上对于加密技术保护最为严格的法律。对于加密技术的严格保护，还使得传统版权法中的“合理使用”制度名存实亡。这也是《美国数字千禧版权法》备受学界诟病的原因之一。
关于汇编作品，该法第101条将之定义为：“编辑作品”指由已有资料或数据汇编组合而成的作品，这些资料或数据的选择、协调或整理以此种方式进行致使所产生的作品作为整体构成独创作品。“编辑作品”包括集体作品。该法103条“版权客体”（b）项规定：编辑或演绎作品的版权仅延及作品的作者不同于作品中使用的已有资料的独创部分，该版权亦不暗含已有资料中的任何专有权利。该作品的版权独立于，且不影响或者扩大已有资料的版权保护范围、期限、归属或者存在。
[United States]
The U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act enacted in 1998 aims to modernise the U.S. Copyright Act, which is probably the strictest law in the world for the protection of encryption technology. The strict protection of encryption technology also makes the "reasonable use" system in traditional copyright law exist in name only. This is also one of the reasons why the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act has been criticised by the academic community.
Regarding compilation works, Article 101 of the law defines it as "editing works" refers to works composed of existing materials or data compilation and combined. The selection, coordination or collation of these materials or data in this way causes the resulting works to constitute original works as a whole. "Edited works" includes collective works. Item 103 of the Law "Copyright object" (b) stipulates that the copyright of the edited or deductive work only extends to the original part of the author of the work that is different from the existing materials used in the work, and the copyright does not imply any proprietary rights in the existing materials. The copyright of the work is independent and does not affect or expand the scope, term, ownership or existence of copyright protection of existing materials.
【日本】
日本现行著作权法自1970年制定颁布、1971年实施以来至2009年止，为了因应科技、经济、社会巨大变化，已经进行了大小26次修改。
对于汇编作品，日本著作权法规定与第十二条“编辑作品”。该条第一款规定，在材料的选择或者编排方面具有独创性的编辑物（编辑物属于数据库的除外），作为作品予以保护。第二款规定，编辑作品著作权的保护，不得影响组成该编辑物中的单个作品作者的著作权。
[Japan]
Japan's current copyright law has been revised 26 times since it was formulated and promulgated in 1970 and implemented in 1971 until 2009. In response to great changes in science and technology, economy and society.
For compilation works, the Japanese Copyright Law stipulates and Article 12 "edited works". The first paragraph of this article stipulates that original edits in the selection or arrangement of materials (except those belonging to the database) shall be protected as works. The second paragraph stipulates that the protection of the copyright of the editorial work shall not affect the copyright of the author of the individual work that constitutes the editor.
【韩国】
《韩国著作权法》制定于1957年1月28日，并先后进行了18次修正。现行著作权法于2009年7月31日以法律第9785号公布，从2010年2月1日起施行。同我国著作权法关于作品的定义相同，《韩国著作权法》规定作品是“是指对人的思想或情感的独创性表达。”该法第6条汇编作品规定：汇编作品应当作为独立作品受到保护。对汇编作品的保护不得损害构成汇编作品的素材的著作权及其他依照本法享有的权利。《韩国著作权法》规定“汇编”是指作品或者符号、文字、声音、图像或其他形式的材料（以下称“素材”）的集合，包括数据库。
[South Korea]
The Korean Copyright Law was enacted on January 28, 1957 and has been amended 18 times. The current copyright law was promulgated by Law No. 9785 on July 31, 2009 and will come into force on February 1, 2010. Same as the definition of works in China's Copyright Law, the Korean Copyright Law stipulates that works are "referred to the original expression of people's thoughts or emotions." Article 6 of the Law stipulates that compilation works shall be protected as independent works. The protection of the compilation shall not damage the copyright of the material that constitutes the compilation and other rights in accordance with this Law. The Korean Copyright Law stipulates that "compilation" refers to a collection of works or symbols, words, sounds, images or other forms of materials (hereinafter referred to as "materials"), including databases.
综上可见，无论是哪一国的法律，也无论是以“汇编作品”还是“编辑作品”命名，所有汇编行为需满足对材料的选取或编排具有智力性创作这一条件才可能构成作品。对于汇编作品的权属，因智力性创作的劳动付出而使汇编作品权利归属于汇编人，除非另有承诺或国际公约规定。
In summary, it can be seen that no matter the law of any country, whether it is named after "compilation works" or "edited works", all compilation behaviours must meet the condition of selecting or arrangement of materials with intellectual creation to constitute works. For the ownership of the compilation work, the right of the compilation work belongs to the compiler due to the labour of intellectual creation, unless otherwise promised or stipulated by international conventions.